miércoles, septiembre 10, 2008
La pobreza urbana puede tener oportunidades en Sur America
En este video podemos aprehender acerca de las oportunidades con las que podemos trabajar para superar las limitaciones que la pobreza urbana le impone al desarrollo de nuestras ciudades.-
martes, agosto 26, 2008
Exitos de nuestras empresas relacionadas.-
Programas de VENTAS CONCERTADAS y TRANSFERENCIA de TECNOLOGIA desarrollados por nuestro gremio relacionado AVMP y las asociaciones relacionadas Ventas & Soluciones Concertadas Ultramar y CENTRATEC.
Mejorando las Construcciones Hospitalarias
Energy Efficiency Prescriptions for Health Care Facilities
By Rita Tatum
Health care construction is booming. Multistory steel skeletons are being fleshed out in large metropolitan areas and small cities across the country. So many hospitals and medical centers are being built that capital investing for health care construction is expected nearly to double in the next few years, from about $18 billion in 2006 to about $35 billion in 2010.
Many factors are driving these large capital investments, including a lack of investment during the 1990s, an aging population and critical bed shortages. With so much new and replacement construction underway, the time to take a look at energy strategies for hospitals is now.
The energy consumption of hospitals isn’t a pretty picture. Hospitals average 2.7 times the gross energy use intensity of office buildings, according to the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption survey (2003), published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Equally troubling: Of the more than 3,600 LEED-registered projects in the United States, only about 2 percent (74) are health care buildings, according to the U.S. Green Building Council.
There are many reasons why hospitals are so energy-intensive. Hospitals operate 24 hours a day and aim to provide patient comfort and optimum health care at the push of the emergency call button. And hospitals are bound by stringent medical standards and ventilation requirements.
“Hospitals have higher requirements for outside air, more heating, cooling, dehumidification and humidification than other building types,” says Farhan Khatri, project manager of engineering at Marshall Erdman & Associates. “As a result, their energy consumption will be higher.”
New technology has set the energy meter spinning even faster. Modern hospitals include sophisticated pieces of medical equipment such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) and minimally invasive robotic surgery units that are major energy users.
“In patient rooms particularly, technology was flat for years,” says Steven Juett, director, clinical systems planning for health care technologies at RTKL. “It was basically a room with air conditioning and lighting, maybe a phone and a television. Now, medical technology is moving into the patient room with monitoring equipment, electric beds, computerized medicine and Internet connections.” These new technologies are turning patient rooms into major energy consumers.
Operating rooms also are large power consumers both in environmental controls and equipment demands. Monitors allow microscopic viewing of delicate surgical operations, robotic surgery and integrated supporting equipment. “The modern hospital doesn’t have 100 computers, it has thousands,” says Juett. These small individual energy users add to the internal load of today’s hospital building.
Experts in health care design and construction suggest starting any energy strategy by closely examining three areas — HVAC, lighting and hot water. Together, they account for 60 to 80 percent of a hospital building’s energy use. Many of the nine energy-reduction strategies they discussed focus on aspects of these three elements.
1. Start with Holistic Design
Modern medicine focuses on the whole person — mind, body and spirit. New hospitals also benefit from that holistic perspective, particularly in the early design stages.
The holistic approach begins with an early model of the hospital concept that evolves in the earliest building team discussions, long before an architectural rendering of the hospital is put on paper. Ideally, those early discussions include engineers, designers, hospital management and facility executives, who will be making sure the building performs as it is designed to.
“To push for more energy efficiency, we have to make sure everyone understands how that is being achieved,” says Jeffrey Bodway, electrical health care team leader for SSOE Inc. “We have to have a buy in for the program from the hospital administrator on down,” he says.
2. Model Energy Performance
To achieve efficiency, facility executives must understand how each element of the hospital interrelates. Today’s user-friendly energy software makes it easier to analyze interactions. “When engineers are involved very early in the design concept, we can evaluate multiple options, their paybacks and costs in a day’s time,” says Khatri. “Then a client gets the right system for the project.”
For example, by starting early with a model of the hospital building, the design team can analyze different building orientations and apply different HVAC systems to see which works best. “When you design in a holistic manner, you can take full advantage of an HVAC system’s available energy by matching the source to the loads,” says Roger Lautz, associate vice president and director of mechanical engineering for the Great Lakes office of HGA.
3. Capitalize on the HVAC and BAS Systems
Today’s HVAC systems are more energy efficient than units in the past. Tim Krawetz, vice president at Syska Hennessy Group, says he sees no problem in achieving 10 percent energy savings with well-specified HVAC systems, coupled with building automation systems. “Tremendous energy can be saved by maximizing usage through such common things as chiller load shedding, two-speed fan motors, and setting controls wisely,” he says. “In fact, if facility executives are clever enough running the plant, they can achieve energy savings of 20 to 25 percent.”
Another area where significant HVAC savings can be achieved is in operating suites. Surgeons want cooler temperatures. But the lights and equipment, as well as the medical staff in the room and the operation itself, produce plenty of heat and moisture. For such situations, energy recovery wheels may help the central utility plant’s overall performance.
“To remove the humidity with a traditional HVAC system, you must subcool the air and then reheat it,” says Khatri. “In the process, a lot of energy is lost. Energy recovery wheels resolve that dilemma.”
Energy recovery wheels improve HVAC efficiency by preconditioning the outside air supply. Applying energy recovery ventilation often enables hospitals to meet ASHRAE ventilation and energy standards, while also improving indoor air quality and possibly reducing total HVAC equipment needs.
John Szekeres, mechanical health care team leader for SSOE, says he typically specifies two energy recovery wheels. One works on both latent and sensible heat loading, while the second handles sensible heat only.
4. Look at Energy Transport: Motors and Pumps
Patient and medical staff comfort depends on heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying and proper outside air exchanges. To accomplish those needs, fans and pumps are running continuously, transporting air and water through the HVAC system. Large amounts of energy are spent along the way. “By targeting these transport systems, we can reduce the building’s energy consumption,” says Lautz. “We do this by reducing the flows and increasing the temperature changes to get more work out of every bit of fluid we move.”
But there is a risk in trying to push the capabilities of the heating and cooling coils. “Systems need to be set up correctly and operators must understand how the system is supposed to work,” says Lautz. “Improper control can create uncomfortable conditions. It may even reduce or eliminate the energy savings expected.” To prevent these conditions, Lautz recommends full commissioning of the system and operator training.
“The boring stuff makes a difference in controlling energy and operating expenses,” says Krawetz. He says that it is important to ensure there is a large enough facility staff to do proper maintenance on energy transport fans and pumps. “Funding for walking the mechanical room has to be in place,” he says. “It’s not buying an MRI, so hospital executives don’t see how the static pressure from build up on fan motors is costing them money.” Krawetz says these elements have to be in place so that efficiencies are maximized.
5. Examine Special Equipment Needs
As hospitals add robotics, automated pharmacy dispensers, MRIs, computed tomography and bedside patient systems, managing heat dissipation can become a challenge. How to accomplish that efficiently becomes a risk management decision. Does the medical machinery remain on the central HVAC system? If the central system is used, the hospital is paying for filtered ventilation air when the machinery really just needs air. Can a more efficient liquid cooling system be applied?
Internal heat gains of medical equipment and refrigerators may represent one-third of a hospital’s cooling load. “We can move more energy more efficiently with liquid than with air,” says Lautz. “We capture as much heat from this equipment as possible with liquid, reducing the load on the air systems. Maybe we can figure a way to take that heat back and reuse some of it for the domestic water load or to offset preheating loads. Excess can be rejected into exhaust air streams or through cooling tower systems. The idea is to reduce the amount of air we need to move and to reuse as much heat as possible.”
6. Check Water Use
Another energy user is sterilization equipment. Hospitals often use different systems, according to Juett. Each system serves its function and has its own consequences. Steam: In addition to the cost of producing steam, the extra moisture and heat created by the process must be addressed.
Ethylene oxide: Ethylene oxide is toxic, so it must be neutralized.
Plasma: When the plasma chamber is opened, no heat is released into the room.
Each sterilization method meets a specific need, Juett says. “But by analyzing the hospital’s needs for sterilization, we may be able to change the mix of these three methods and reduce total energy consumption.” Plumbing fixtures, faucets and valves offer other opportunities. “At one time, toilets required three gallons per flush,” observes Szekeres. “Now they are down to 1.6 gallons and some are even 1.0 gallon per flush.” There also are waterless urinals and urinals that use only 1 pint of water per flush. All reduce water consumption, but they have different maintenance needs.
7. Consider Options for Shedding Light
Good hospital lighting systems — including energy efficient fluorescent ballasts, daylight controls, occupancy sensors and building automation system monitoring — often can shave 2 to 3 percent off the hospital’s overall electricity energy use, according to Bodway. Many spaces are used sporadically during the day and do not need to be lit all the time. Another potential energy-saving lighting technology is light emitting diode (LED) lamps. “High-powered surgical lights produce a lot of heat,” says Juett. Surgical LEDs use 35 percent less energy and create more usable light for surgeons. Juett says that the lights currently carry a 10 to 20 percent cost premium, “but over the next three years that should come down.” At that point, they also may be applied in the emergency department, trauma rooms and examination areas. Even portable LEDs on goosenecks may be available for use in pediatric and gynecologic areas. Another advantage of LEDs, according to Bodway, is that they typically last 20 years without replacement. “For hospital facilities that run lights all the time, that really cuts back on maintenance, even over fluorescent lamps. But LED technology does require a mind shift, because we’re talking about a printed circuit board, not a traditional lamp.” To show clients the potential of the technology, Bodway often uses an LED fixture and lets the client turn it on and see how it performs. “Talking and seeing lumens are two different things,” he says.
8. Think Off-site
Many energy-saving technologies require thinking off-site, as well as within the hospital, particularly when it comes to hospital data management. “Because of the rapid deployment of picture archiving and digital medical communications, the hospital data center has migrated from payroll and insurance processing to being a digital extension of the doctor,” says R. Stephen Spinazzola, vice president of RTKL. Starting in about 2005, hospitals began experiencing a 5 to 10 percent increase in their power usage due to the computer needs of medical applications. Some hospitals have concluded that primary data management should be handled off-site, where the HVAC, humidity control and power needs can be dedicated to such essential operations. Sometimes, these data centers are shared by other hospitals within a system. Sometimes they serve one medical center. “Off-site, we can design these centers to be energy efficient,” says Spinazzola. Hospitals today generate a tremendous amount of data, but Spinazzola estimates only about one-third is related to patient care. That crucial third is backed up at the hospital. That way, should a disaster strike at either site, patient well-being can be maintained.
9. Study the Envelope
Like cities, hospitals have heat islands. One obvious heat gain location is the rooftop. Another is along the skin, particularly in the lobby and hospital reception areas, which may be open and several stories high. So careful consideration of the medical center’s envelope is part of energy-conscious design. “Changing the color of the roof to white can reduce heat load in the building,” says Bodway. The amount of gain varies by the building’s location and its configuration, but Szekeres estimates a reflective white roof can minimize heat gain by 5 to 10 percent. Another way some new hospitals are cooling their rooftops is with healing gardens, says Khatri. Not only is the heat island effect reduced, “but the healing garden is still in the hospital environment. What hospitals are finding is that patients are healing better and they are having faster recoveries. Green roofs are highly effective at improving the bottom line.” Inside the hospital, healing gardens can be passive or active. Passive systems use selected species of plants. In an active healing garden, the planted walls have air intake behind them. “The living wall works as a biofilter and removes air contaminants,” says Khatri. The exterior envelope, particularly in the lobby area, which often soars several stories in modern hospitals, also offers opportunities for energy savings. A double-envelope design of the glass area can include a 12- to 18-inch air space between panes. Sunlight warms the glass, rising up and then being recaptured by the hospital’s mechanical system and used as preheated air. In summer months, the air pocket reduces the radiant heat into the building, lowering the cooling loads.
By Rita Tatum
Health care construction is booming. Multistory steel skeletons are being fleshed out in large metropolitan areas and small cities across the country. So many hospitals and medical centers are being built that capital investing for health care construction is expected nearly to double in the next few years, from about $18 billion in 2006 to about $35 billion in 2010.
Many factors are driving these large capital investments, including a lack of investment during the 1990s, an aging population and critical bed shortages. With so much new and replacement construction underway, the time to take a look at energy strategies for hospitals is now.
The energy consumption of hospitals isn’t a pretty picture. Hospitals average 2.7 times the gross energy use intensity of office buildings, according to the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption survey (2003), published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Equally troubling: Of the more than 3,600 LEED-registered projects in the United States, only about 2 percent (74) are health care buildings, according to the U.S. Green Building Council.
There are many reasons why hospitals are so energy-intensive. Hospitals operate 24 hours a day and aim to provide patient comfort and optimum health care at the push of the emergency call button. And hospitals are bound by stringent medical standards and ventilation requirements.
“Hospitals have higher requirements for outside air, more heating, cooling, dehumidification and humidification than other building types,” says Farhan Khatri, project manager of engineering at Marshall Erdman & Associates. “As a result, their energy consumption will be higher.”
New technology has set the energy meter spinning even faster. Modern hospitals include sophisticated pieces of medical equipment such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) and minimally invasive robotic surgery units that are major energy users.
“In patient rooms particularly, technology was flat for years,” says Steven Juett, director, clinical systems planning for health care technologies at RTKL. “It was basically a room with air conditioning and lighting, maybe a phone and a television. Now, medical technology is moving into the patient room with monitoring equipment, electric beds, computerized medicine and Internet connections.” These new technologies are turning patient rooms into major energy consumers.
Operating rooms also are large power consumers both in environmental controls and equipment demands. Monitors allow microscopic viewing of delicate surgical operations, robotic surgery and integrated supporting equipment. “The modern hospital doesn’t have 100 computers, it has thousands,” says Juett. These small individual energy users add to the internal load of today’s hospital building.
Experts in health care design and construction suggest starting any energy strategy by closely examining three areas — HVAC, lighting and hot water. Together, they account for 60 to 80 percent of a hospital building’s energy use. Many of the nine energy-reduction strategies they discussed focus on aspects of these three elements.
1. Start with Holistic Design
Modern medicine focuses on the whole person — mind, body and spirit. New hospitals also benefit from that holistic perspective, particularly in the early design stages.
The holistic approach begins with an early model of the hospital concept that evolves in the earliest building team discussions, long before an architectural rendering of the hospital is put on paper. Ideally, those early discussions include engineers, designers, hospital management and facility executives, who will be making sure the building performs as it is designed to.
“To push for more energy efficiency, we have to make sure everyone understands how that is being achieved,” says Jeffrey Bodway, electrical health care team leader for SSOE Inc. “We have to have a buy in for the program from the hospital administrator on down,” he says.
2. Model Energy Performance
To achieve efficiency, facility executives must understand how each element of the hospital interrelates. Today’s user-friendly energy software makes it easier to analyze interactions. “When engineers are involved very early in the design concept, we can evaluate multiple options, their paybacks and costs in a day’s time,” says Khatri. “Then a client gets the right system for the project.”
For example, by starting early with a model of the hospital building, the design team can analyze different building orientations and apply different HVAC systems to see which works best. “When you design in a holistic manner, you can take full advantage of an HVAC system’s available energy by matching the source to the loads,” says Roger Lautz, associate vice president and director of mechanical engineering for the Great Lakes office of HGA.
3. Capitalize on the HVAC and BAS Systems
Today’s HVAC systems are more energy efficient than units in the past. Tim Krawetz, vice president at Syska Hennessy Group, says he sees no problem in achieving 10 percent energy savings with well-specified HVAC systems, coupled with building automation systems. “Tremendous energy can be saved by maximizing usage through such common things as chiller load shedding, two-speed fan motors, and setting controls wisely,” he says. “In fact, if facility executives are clever enough running the plant, they can achieve energy savings of 20 to 25 percent.”
Another area where significant HVAC savings can be achieved is in operating suites. Surgeons want cooler temperatures. But the lights and equipment, as well as the medical staff in the room and the operation itself, produce plenty of heat and moisture. For such situations, energy recovery wheels may help the central utility plant’s overall performance.
“To remove the humidity with a traditional HVAC system, you must subcool the air and then reheat it,” says Khatri. “In the process, a lot of energy is lost. Energy recovery wheels resolve that dilemma.”
Energy recovery wheels improve HVAC efficiency by preconditioning the outside air supply. Applying energy recovery ventilation often enables hospitals to meet ASHRAE ventilation and energy standards, while also improving indoor air quality and possibly reducing total HVAC equipment needs.
John Szekeres, mechanical health care team leader for SSOE, says he typically specifies two energy recovery wheels. One works on both latent and sensible heat loading, while the second handles sensible heat only.
4. Look at Energy Transport: Motors and Pumps
Patient and medical staff comfort depends on heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying and proper outside air exchanges. To accomplish those needs, fans and pumps are running continuously, transporting air and water through the HVAC system. Large amounts of energy are spent along the way. “By targeting these transport systems, we can reduce the building’s energy consumption,” says Lautz. “We do this by reducing the flows and increasing the temperature changes to get more work out of every bit of fluid we move.”
But there is a risk in trying to push the capabilities of the heating and cooling coils. “Systems need to be set up correctly and operators must understand how the system is supposed to work,” says Lautz. “Improper control can create uncomfortable conditions. It may even reduce or eliminate the energy savings expected.” To prevent these conditions, Lautz recommends full commissioning of the system and operator training.
“The boring stuff makes a difference in controlling energy and operating expenses,” says Krawetz. He says that it is important to ensure there is a large enough facility staff to do proper maintenance on energy transport fans and pumps. “Funding for walking the mechanical room has to be in place,” he says. “It’s not buying an MRI, so hospital executives don’t see how the static pressure from build up on fan motors is costing them money.” Krawetz says these elements have to be in place so that efficiencies are maximized.
5. Examine Special Equipment Needs
As hospitals add robotics, automated pharmacy dispensers, MRIs, computed tomography and bedside patient systems, managing heat dissipation can become a challenge. How to accomplish that efficiently becomes a risk management decision. Does the medical machinery remain on the central HVAC system? If the central system is used, the hospital is paying for filtered ventilation air when the machinery really just needs air. Can a more efficient liquid cooling system be applied?
Internal heat gains of medical equipment and refrigerators may represent one-third of a hospital’s cooling load. “We can move more energy more efficiently with liquid than with air,” says Lautz. “We capture as much heat from this equipment as possible with liquid, reducing the load on the air systems. Maybe we can figure a way to take that heat back and reuse some of it for the domestic water load or to offset preheating loads. Excess can be rejected into exhaust air streams or through cooling tower systems. The idea is to reduce the amount of air we need to move and to reuse as much heat as possible.”
6. Check Water Use
Another energy user is sterilization equipment. Hospitals often use different systems, according to Juett. Each system serves its function and has its own consequences. Steam: In addition to the cost of producing steam, the extra moisture and heat created by the process must be addressed.
Ethylene oxide: Ethylene oxide is toxic, so it must be neutralized.
Plasma: When the plasma chamber is opened, no heat is released into the room.
Each sterilization method meets a specific need, Juett says. “But by analyzing the hospital’s needs for sterilization, we may be able to change the mix of these three methods and reduce total energy consumption.” Plumbing fixtures, faucets and valves offer other opportunities. “At one time, toilets required three gallons per flush,” observes Szekeres. “Now they are down to 1.6 gallons and some are even 1.0 gallon per flush.” There also are waterless urinals and urinals that use only 1 pint of water per flush. All reduce water consumption, but they have different maintenance needs.
7. Consider Options for Shedding Light
Good hospital lighting systems — including energy efficient fluorescent ballasts, daylight controls, occupancy sensors and building automation system monitoring — often can shave 2 to 3 percent off the hospital’s overall electricity energy use, according to Bodway. Many spaces are used sporadically during the day and do not need to be lit all the time. Another potential energy-saving lighting technology is light emitting diode (LED) lamps. “High-powered surgical lights produce a lot of heat,” says Juett. Surgical LEDs use 35 percent less energy and create more usable light for surgeons. Juett says that the lights currently carry a 10 to 20 percent cost premium, “but over the next three years that should come down.” At that point, they also may be applied in the emergency department, trauma rooms and examination areas. Even portable LEDs on goosenecks may be available for use in pediatric and gynecologic areas. Another advantage of LEDs, according to Bodway, is that they typically last 20 years without replacement. “For hospital facilities that run lights all the time, that really cuts back on maintenance, even over fluorescent lamps. But LED technology does require a mind shift, because we’re talking about a printed circuit board, not a traditional lamp.” To show clients the potential of the technology, Bodway often uses an LED fixture and lets the client turn it on and see how it performs. “Talking and seeing lumens are two different things,” he says.
8. Think Off-site
Many energy-saving technologies require thinking off-site, as well as within the hospital, particularly when it comes to hospital data management. “Because of the rapid deployment of picture archiving and digital medical communications, the hospital data center has migrated from payroll and insurance processing to being a digital extension of the doctor,” says R. Stephen Spinazzola, vice president of RTKL. Starting in about 2005, hospitals began experiencing a 5 to 10 percent increase in their power usage due to the computer needs of medical applications. Some hospitals have concluded that primary data management should be handled off-site, where the HVAC, humidity control and power needs can be dedicated to such essential operations. Sometimes, these data centers are shared by other hospitals within a system. Sometimes they serve one medical center. “Off-site, we can design these centers to be energy efficient,” says Spinazzola. Hospitals today generate a tremendous amount of data, but Spinazzola estimates only about one-third is related to patient care. That crucial third is backed up at the hospital. That way, should a disaster strike at either site, patient well-being can be maintained.
9. Study the Envelope
Like cities, hospitals have heat islands. One obvious heat gain location is the rooftop. Another is along the skin, particularly in the lobby and hospital reception areas, which may be open and several stories high. So careful consideration of the medical center’s envelope is part of energy-conscious design. “Changing the color of the roof to white can reduce heat load in the building,” says Bodway. The amount of gain varies by the building’s location and its configuration, but Szekeres estimates a reflective white roof can minimize heat gain by 5 to 10 percent. Another way some new hospitals are cooling their rooftops is with healing gardens, says Khatri. Not only is the heat island effect reduced, “but the healing garden is still in the hospital environment. What hospitals are finding is that patients are healing better and they are having faster recoveries. Green roofs are highly effective at improving the bottom line.” Inside the hospital, healing gardens can be passive or active. Passive systems use selected species of plants. In an active healing garden, the planted walls have air intake behind them. “The living wall works as a biofilter and removes air contaminants,” says Khatri. The exterior envelope, particularly in the lobby area, which often soars several stories in modern hospitals, also offers opportunities for energy savings. A double-envelope design of the glass area can include a 12- to 18-inch air space between panes. Sunlight warms the glass, rising up and then being recaptured by the hospital’s mechanical system and used as preheated air. In summer months, the air pocket reduces the radiant heat into the building, lowering the cooling loads.
jueves, agosto 14, 2008
martes, agosto 12, 2008
Oportunidades en JUAN GRIEGO Nueva Esparta
Aqui podemos observar un esplendido escenario natural listo para ser aprovechado e intervenido en aras de salvaguardar la oxigenacion de la Albufera y promover la actividad turistico-residencial autosustentable ecologicamente en la Isla de Margarita Nueva Esparta Venezuela.
LIDOTEL una válida opcion para venezuela
Debemos coordinar las bellezas turísticas de nuestra magica naturaleza con la inversion en infraestructura hotelera consona con su entorno; aqui les hago llegar un ejemplo de estas armonicas soluciones.
jueves, agosto 07, 2008
26 LEYES para una Propuesta de Gobierno S. XXI
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.889:
Ley de Turismo
Ley de Transporte Ferroviario
Ley de Seguridad y Soberanía Agroalimentaria
Ley del Régimen Prestacional de Vivienda
Ley de Defensa de las Personas en el Acceso a Bienes y Servicios
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.890:
Ley de los Espacios Acuáticos
Ley de Recursos Excedentarios
Ley de Salud Agrícola Integral
Ley de Fomento y Desarrollo de la Economía Popular
Ley del Bandes
Ley de Supresión y Liquidación de FONCREI
Promoción y Desarrollo de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria y Unidades de Propiedad Social
Ley de la Administración Pública
Reestructuración del INAVI
Ley de Crédito para el Sector Agrario
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.891:
Ley de Canalización y Mantenimiento de las Vías de Navegación
Ley de la Administración Financiera del Sector Público
Ley de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana
Ley de Beneficios y Facilidades de Pago de Rubros Estratégicos de Alimentación
Ley del Banco Agrícola de Venezuela
Ley de Seguridad Social
Ley del Seguro Social
Ley de Simplificación de Trámites Administrativos
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.892:
Ley del INAVI
Ley de la Procuraduría General de la República
Ley de Bancos y Otras Instituciones Financieras
Ley de Turismo
Ley de Transporte Ferroviario
Ley de Seguridad y Soberanía Agroalimentaria
Ley del Régimen Prestacional de Vivienda
Ley de Defensa de las Personas en el Acceso a Bienes y Servicios
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.890:
Ley de los Espacios Acuáticos
Ley de Recursos Excedentarios
Ley de Salud Agrícola Integral
Ley de Fomento y Desarrollo de la Economía Popular
Ley del Bandes
Ley de Supresión y Liquidación de FONCREI
Promoción y Desarrollo de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria y Unidades de Propiedad Social
Ley de la Administración Pública
Reestructuración del INAVI
Ley de Crédito para el Sector Agrario
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.891:
Ley de Canalización y Mantenimiento de las Vías de Navegación
Ley de la Administración Financiera del Sector Público
Ley de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana
Ley de Beneficios y Facilidades de Pago de Rubros Estratégicos de Alimentación
Ley del Banco Agrícola de Venezuela
Ley de Seguridad Social
Ley del Seguro Social
Ley de Simplificación de Trámites Administrativos
Gaceta Oficial No. 5.892:
Ley del INAVI
Ley de la Procuraduría General de la República
Ley de Bancos y Otras Instituciones Financieras
Cerradas las solicitudes de VISAS USA trabajadores temporarios
H-2B visa quota for first half of 2009 filled
The 33,000 H-2B temporary worker visas available for the first half of the 2009 have already been taken. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services will use a random selection process to determine which petitions received before the cut-off date of July 29, 2008, will be approved for H-2B visas and will return the application fee for petitions that are not selected.
Petitions for workers who are currently in H-2B status do not count towards the cap, which is congressionally mandated.
USCIS will continue to process petitions filed to:
• Extend the stay of a current H-2B worker in the United States
• Change the terms of employment for current H-2B workers and extend their stay or
• Allow current H-2B workers to change or add employers and extend their stay.
For more information about the H-2B work program, call the National Customer Service Center at (800) 375-5283 .
The 33,000 H-2B temporary worker visas available for the first half of the 2009 have already been taken. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services will use a random selection process to determine which petitions received before the cut-off date of July 29, 2008, will be approved for H-2B visas and will return the application fee for petitions that are not selected.
Petitions for workers who are currently in H-2B status do not count towards the cap, which is congressionally mandated.
USCIS will continue to process petitions filed to:
• Extend the stay of a current H-2B worker in the United States
• Change the terms of employment for current H-2B workers and extend their stay or
• Allow current H-2B workers to change or add employers and extend their stay.
For more information about the H-2B work program, call the National Customer Service Center at (800) 375-5283 .
jueves, julio 31, 2008
Venezuela Increases Dollar Sales For Machinery
Venezuela Forex Board Increases Dollar Sales For Machinery
CARACAS -(Dow Jones)- Venezuela increased by 17% its sale of dollars at the official exchange rate to importers seeking to bring heavy machinery into the country in the first half of the year against the same period in 2007, the government said in an official press release.
The Cadivi currency board, which is responsible for deciding which companies can buy dollars at the official peg of 2.15 bolivars, said that in the first half of this year it has sold $857 million for heavy machinery imports.
The 17% increase is below the 23% increase in total dollar sales by Cadivi for imports in the first half of 2008 against the same period a year ago.
Companies and individuals that don't receive approval to buy dollars at the official rate have to turn to the black market, where they must currently pay a hefty premium. Venezuela imposed capital controls in 2003 amid massive capital flights during an economic crisis.
-By Darcy Crowe, Dow Jones Newswires; (58) 414 249 6821; darcy.crowe@dowjones.com
go to Dow Jones NewsPlus, a web front page of today's most important business and market news, analysis and commentary:
http://www.djnewsplus.com
CARACAS -(Dow Jones)- Venezuela increased by 17% its sale of dollars at the official exchange rate to importers seeking to bring heavy machinery into the country in the first half of the year against the same period in 2007, the government said in an official press release.
The Cadivi currency board, which is responsible for deciding which companies can buy dollars at the official peg of 2.15 bolivars, said that in the first half of this year it has sold $857 million for heavy machinery imports.
The 17% increase is below the 23% increase in total dollar sales by Cadivi for imports in the first half of 2008 against the same period a year ago.
Companies and individuals that don't receive approval to buy dollars at the official rate have to turn to the black market, where they must currently pay a hefty premium. Venezuela imposed capital controls in 2003 amid massive capital flights during an economic crisis.
-By Darcy Crowe, Dow Jones Newswires; (58) 414 249 6821; darcy.crowe@dowjones.com
go to Dow Jones NewsPlus, a web front page of today's most important business and market news, analysis and commentary:
http://www.djnewsplus.com
sábado, julio 26, 2008
Palabras del Director Jaime Parra
Palabras de nuestro Director CEO Jaime Parra en el cierre de actividades lectivas de la Escuela de Ingenieria de las FFAA.
Reconocimiento a nuestro Director Jaime Parra
En ocasion del cierre de actividades academicas 2007/2008, la Escuela de Ingenieria de las FFAA le hacen un reconocimiento a nuestro Director Jaime Parra.
miércoles, julio 09, 2008
Inicio de Actividades CENTRATEC en las FFAA Venezuela
Acto de Instalación I Curso de Certificación en el MANEJO ADMINISTRATIVO de los COSTOS HORARIOS para la Maquinaria Pesada
El día 3 de agosto del año 2005, en la Gaceta Oficial Nº.-38.242, la Asamblea Nacional decretó, la Ley Orgánica de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, la cual fue reglamentada parcialmente el 9 de octubre del año 2006 según decreto Nº.-4.891 publicado en Gaceta Oficial del 17 de octubre del año 2006 y perfeccionada con la promulgación del Reglamento Orgánico del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología según Decreto Nº.-5.060 publicado en la Gaceta Oficial Nº.-38.588 de fecha 20 de Diciembre del año 2006.
En todos estos cuerpos legales, el Gobierno Nacional, ha legislado para que en Venezuela podamos tener los instrumentos necesarios que permitan desarrollar los alcances constitucionales, que en materia de tecnología, ciencia e investigación, requiere la nación para la promoción, estimulo y fomento de la investigación científica, la apropiación social del conocimiento y la transferencia e innovación tecnológica, a los fines de fomentar la capacidad, para la generación, uso y difusión del conocimiento y así impulsar el desarrollo nacional.
Quiero agregar a estos precedentes legales los contemplados en la Ley Orgánica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional publicada en la Gaceta Oficial Nº.-38.280 del 26 de septiembre del año 2005 en la cual se establece como Misión de las F.A.N., la participación activa en el desarrollo nacional así como promover y realizar actividades de investigación y desarrollo que contribuyan al progreso científico y tecnológico de la Nación; instrumentos legales los cuales, si los concatenamos con el espíritu de la Ley Orgánica de Seguridad y Defensa, que en su articulado prevé fundamentalmente las actividades de estudio, planificación y adopción de medidas relacionadas con la preparación y aplicación del potencial nacional para la preservación del patrimonio y si la acompañamos con el mandato legal establecido en la Ley de Conscripción y Alistamiento Militar la cual nos señala la obligación de contribuir a la capacitación de los venezolanos para que una vez cumplido el servicio estén en mejores condiciones de participar en desarrollo socio-económico de la Nación; podemos por lo tanto establecer que en el día de hoy, 9 de julio del año 2008; gracias a la visión de cooperación y participación que la Fuerza Armada Nacional ha tenido; hemos logrado con la asertiva actividad gremial de la Asociación Venezolana de Maquinaria Pesada al haber fundado el CENTRO de ENTRENAMIENTO y TRANSFERENCIA de TECNOLOGIA CENTRATEC, que hoy podamos realizar el I Curso de Certificación en el MANEJO ADMINISTRAVO de los COSTOS HORARIOS para la Maquinaria Pesada; el cual es la punta de lanza para que componentes de las diversas Fuerzas Armadas de Venezuela, así como civiles comprometidos con el engrandecimiento del acervo académico y técnico de la República, puedan acceder a esta preparación y que podemos llevar a cabo con los aportes legales que diversas empresas nacionales, tal como lo establece la Ley, han hecho y esperamos sigan haciendo para la promoción, desarrollo y realización de los planes de Capacitación, Entrenamiento y Certificación, que CENTRATEC y la Escuela de Ingeniería del Ejercito han acordado llevar adelante en el Bienio 2008-2010; los cuales son a saber:
•Curso de Certificación en el MANEJO ADMINISTRAVO de los COSTOS HORARIOS para la Maquinaria Pesada
•Capacitación, Entrenamiento y Certificación de Operarios de Maquinarias Pesadas.
•Capacitación, Entrenamiento y Certificación de Mecánicos de Maquinarias Pesadas.
•Programa de Gerencia para Obras de Movimiento de Tierra.
•Diplomado en Gerencia para Obras de Movimiento de Tierra.
Señores, con la instalación de este Taller en el día de hoy, somos actores y testigos de la aplicación efectiva de instrumentos legales, los cuales fueron promulgados para favorecer el engrandecimiento de la capacidad tecnológica de Venezuela; los felicito y les pido que nos acompañen en el cumplimiento de los alcances académicos aquí propuestos para así construir de forma mancomunada, Pueblo y Ejercito, la Venezuela del siglo XXI que queremos y por la que tanto luchamos.
J.J. Parra
viernes, abril 18, 2008
HEADLINES News to South America & Venezuela
Asociación estratégica es prioridad para la Cumbre Euro-Latinoamericana
Aumenta intercambio comercial entre MERCOSUR y Unión Europea
Argentina sólo participa del 20% del comercio entre Mercosur y la UE
Líderes de CARICOM atienden conflictos en industria bananera
Delegados se reúnen el 9 de mayo para definir reglas del Banco del Sur
Alta de alimentos cria mais um entrave à Rodada Doha
Avance en agricultura, esquivo en conversaciones OMC
Pelosi offers some hope for U.S.-Colombia trade deal
Colombia considera que fracaso del TLC con Estados Unidos
tendría graves consecuencias
“South. America beefing up forces, but is not in arms race”
Funcionario del FMI dice México sentirá impacto leve por desaceleración de EEUU.-
Todas estas importantes noticias relacionadas con nuestro sector; las puedes ampliar en:
http://www.sela.org/sela/prensa.asp
Aumenta intercambio comercial entre MERCOSUR y Unión Europea
Argentina sólo participa del 20% del comercio entre Mercosur y la UE
Líderes de CARICOM atienden conflictos en industria bananera
Delegados se reúnen el 9 de mayo para definir reglas del Banco del Sur
Alta de alimentos cria mais um entrave à Rodada Doha
Avance en agricultura, esquivo en conversaciones OMC
Pelosi offers some hope for U.S.-Colombia trade deal
Colombia considera que fracaso del TLC con Estados Unidos
tendría graves consecuencias
“South. America beefing up forces, but is not in arms race”
Funcionario del FMI dice México sentirá impacto leve por desaceleración de EEUU.-
Todas estas importantes noticias relacionadas con nuestro sector; las puedes ampliar en:
http://www.sela.org/sela/prensa.asp
martes, marzo 25, 2008
Abril mes de ENCUENTROS para la CONSTRUCCION
Del 31 de marzo al 06 de abril
Semana de la Construcción escenario para construir país
La Cámara Venezolana de la Construcción se prepara para realizar la segunda edición de la Semana de la Construcción, evento que busca estimular el crecimiento económico-social del país y mostrar las grandes tendencias de la industria. En este magno evento, donde se darán cita los actores claves del sector construcción, se realizará del 31 de marzo al 6 de abril, y el propósito es profundizar el intercambio de temas de fundamental incidencia para el país. Dentro de las actividades previstas a desarrollase en el marco de la Semana de la Construcción se encuentra:
31 de marzo: 65º Acto Aniversario de la CVC, juramentación y toma de posesión de las nuevas autoridades de la Cámara y entrega del Premio Anual Construcción en sus diferentes categorías Obra, Gestión Pública, Empleado, Cátedra Gerencia de la Construcción, Comunicador Social y primer año del premio Responsabilidad Social en el sector construcción.
1 y 2 de abril: XI Convención Nacional de la Vivienda y Hábitat, la CVC ha elegido como temas base para la próxima convención los aspectos del transporte y de los servicios en las principales ciudades venezolanas.
Para llevar a buen término el propósito planteado, la CVC solicitó al Institutos de Urbanismo (IU) de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), y al Instituto de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos (IERI) de la Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), la elaboración de dos trabajos pilotos, los cuales mostrarán no sólo el diagnóstico de ambas áreas sino plasmarán la oferta técnica y económica que se requiere para la inversión en dichas soluciones.
2 al 6 de abril: II Exposición Internacional de la Industria de la Construcción, CONSTRUEXPO 2008, permitirá reunir en las instalaciones del Poliedro de Caracas a un numeroso grupo empresarios, instituciones, organismos públicos y privados y asociaciones nacionales e internacionales del sector, interesados en mostrar lo más actualizado en tecnología, productos, máquinas, equipos y servicios, así como informar sobre los proyectos de desarrollo y afines. De igual forma se desarrollará simultáneamente la II VENTA CONCERTADA de Equipos y Maquinarias, en el Salón Central del Poliedro de Caracas.
Actividades gremiales: 100º Consejo de Presidentes de Cámaras de la Construcción del país y Consejo de Expresidentes, eventos que reúnen a los presidentes de cámaras estadales y seccionales junto a la directiva de la CVC y a los presidentes de la institución, para debatir sobre temas inherentes al sector construcción.
Semana de la Construcción escenario para construir país
La Cámara Venezolana de la Construcción se prepara para realizar la segunda edición de la Semana de la Construcción, evento que busca estimular el crecimiento económico-social del país y mostrar las grandes tendencias de la industria. En este magno evento, donde se darán cita los actores claves del sector construcción, se realizará del 31 de marzo al 6 de abril, y el propósito es profundizar el intercambio de temas de fundamental incidencia para el país. Dentro de las actividades previstas a desarrollase en el marco de la Semana de la Construcción se encuentra:
31 de marzo: 65º Acto Aniversario de la CVC, juramentación y toma de posesión de las nuevas autoridades de la Cámara y entrega del Premio Anual Construcción en sus diferentes categorías Obra, Gestión Pública, Empleado, Cátedra Gerencia de la Construcción, Comunicador Social y primer año del premio Responsabilidad Social en el sector construcción.
1 y 2 de abril: XI Convención Nacional de la Vivienda y Hábitat, la CVC ha elegido como temas base para la próxima convención los aspectos del transporte y de los servicios en las principales ciudades venezolanas.
Para llevar a buen término el propósito planteado, la CVC solicitó al Institutos de Urbanismo (IU) de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), y al Instituto de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos (IERI) de la Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), la elaboración de dos trabajos pilotos, los cuales mostrarán no sólo el diagnóstico de ambas áreas sino plasmarán la oferta técnica y económica que se requiere para la inversión en dichas soluciones.
2 al 6 de abril: II Exposición Internacional de la Industria de la Construcción, CONSTRUEXPO 2008, permitirá reunir en las instalaciones del Poliedro de Caracas a un numeroso grupo empresarios, instituciones, organismos públicos y privados y asociaciones nacionales e internacionales del sector, interesados en mostrar lo más actualizado en tecnología, productos, máquinas, equipos y servicios, así como informar sobre los proyectos de desarrollo y afines. De igual forma se desarrollará simultáneamente la II VENTA CONCERTADA de Equipos y Maquinarias, en el Salón Central del Poliedro de Caracas.
Actividades gremiales: 100º Consejo de Presidentes de Cámaras de la Construcción del país y Consejo de Expresidentes, eventos que reúnen a los presidentes de cámaras estadales y seccionales junto a la directiva de la CVC y a los presidentes de la institución, para debatir sobre temas inherentes al sector construcción.
viernes, marzo 21, 2008
Marzo 2008 mes de actividades comerciales
Let's be honest. Facilities management can be a tough business. Without the requisite knowledge and tools, promotions and career advancement seem non-existent.
When it comes to kickstarting your career, education is key.
And if you're ready to take the necessary next steps for professional advancement, I know you'll be interested in a Web seminar series we are teaching in cooperation with BOMI and Building Operating Management magazine. It's called the Master Facility Executive Seminar Series and it's loaded with information every facility management professional needs to succeed. Learn all about it at:
http://www.MasterFacilityExec.com.
The Master Facility Executive program begins April 2 and runs through June 18, and includes six Web-based seminars, each including a 75-minute video presentation led by a BOMI facilitator and subject matter expert; valuable course discussions and classroom interaction; and supplemental reading materials. An orientation session is scheduled for Wednesday, March 26.One of the things we are most excited about with this program - and something that makes it extra special from other online courses - is that you'll have the opportunity to personally interact with us. So if you have questions or want to bounce ideas off of me, you can - live and one-on-one.
Each of the six career-enhancing Web seminars addresses an important aspect of facility management as a means toward career advancement. Topics include:
* Thinking Like a CEO
* Creating Your Executive Brand
* The Business of the Bottom Line
* The Art of Negotiations
* Lead and They Will Follow
* Positioning the Organization
Collectively, they will make you a well-rounded facility management professional, ripe for promotion. Following the program, a test will be administered to earn your Master Facility Executive certification and nine CPD points from BOMI.
There are so many more great benefits offered by the Master Facility Executive Certification program, but there's not enough room to cram them all into this e-mail. For even more information and to register visit:
www.masterfacilityexec.com
WE look forward to talking with you personally.
Sincerely,
P. Marc Fischer, CPM®, RPA, CCIM
P.S. Space is limited for the Master Facility Executive Certification program. Sign up today to ensure your place in this career-advancing event.
http://www.MasterFacilityExec.com
When it comes to kickstarting your career, education is key.
And if you're ready to take the necessary next steps for professional advancement, I know you'll be interested in a Web seminar series we are teaching in cooperation with BOMI and Building Operating Management magazine. It's called the Master Facility Executive Seminar Series and it's loaded with information every facility management professional needs to succeed. Learn all about it at:
http://www.MasterFacilityExec.com.
The Master Facility Executive program begins April 2 and runs through June 18, and includes six Web-based seminars, each including a 75-minute video presentation led by a BOMI facilitator and subject matter expert; valuable course discussions and classroom interaction; and supplemental reading materials. An orientation session is scheduled for Wednesday, March 26.One of the things we are most excited about with this program - and something that makes it extra special from other online courses - is that you'll have the opportunity to personally interact with us. So if you have questions or want to bounce ideas off of me, you can - live and one-on-one.
Each of the six career-enhancing Web seminars addresses an important aspect of facility management as a means toward career advancement. Topics include:
* Thinking Like a CEO
* Creating Your Executive Brand
* The Business of the Bottom Line
* The Art of Negotiations
* Lead and They Will Follow
* Positioning the Organization
Collectively, they will make you a well-rounded facility management professional, ripe for promotion. Following the program, a test will be administered to earn your Master Facility Executive certification and nine CPD points from BOMI.
There are so many more great benefits offered by the Master Facility Executive Certification program, but there's not enough room to cram them all into this e-mail. For even more information and to register visit:
www.masterfacilityexec.com
WE look forward to talking with you personally.
Sincerely,
P. Marc Fischer, CPM®, RPA, CCIM
P.S. Space is limited for the Master Facility Executive Certification program. Sign up today to ensure your place in this career-advancing event.
http://www.MasterFacilityExec.com
domingo, febrero 10, 2008
Actividades Febrero de 2008
Febrero 2008:
Damos inicio al mes de Febrero; anunciando la II VENTA CONCERTADA de MAQUINARIAS de CONSTRUCCION; que llevaremos adelante en la 1º semana del mes de abril del presente año: en el POLIEDRO de Caracas.
A tales efectos recomendamos, su RESERVA de EQUIPO e INSCRIPCIÖN para este Evento, en la dirección:
ventasconcertadas@gmail.com
De igual forma contáctenos para mayor información.
sábado, enero 19, 2008
Economía para el mes de Enero 2008
Desde el mes de Noviembre el mercado monetario ha
estado caracterizado por una menor liquidez que ha
generado un alza de las tasas de interés, llevando la tasa
activa promedio a niveles superiores al 25%. Este
comportamiento ha estado determinado por factores que
pueden considerarse de largo plazo, pero al mismo tiempo
ha estado influenciada por factores de tipo coyuntural.
Por un lado, la tendencia que se observó a lo largo de 2007
fue de una desaceleración en el crecimiento de la liquidez,
medida tanto a través de los recursos gestionados (16,5%
Dic-06 – Nov 07) como de M2 (30,3% Dic-06 – Dic 07), en
tanto que la cartera de créditos acentuaba su crecimiento
(65,2% Dic-06 – Nov 07). Aun cuando no se dispone de
cifras de cierre para recursos gestionados y cartera de
créditos, este comportamiento no debería haber variado
significativamente en Diciembre, contando que al menos M2
al 28 de Diciembre acumula un incremento de 4,8% en el
mes. Como tendencia este comportamiento explica el
incremento de las presiones sobre las tasas, en la medida
que se acentúa la demanda de crédito y se desacelera el
crecimiento de los recursos gestionados, pudiéndose haber
visto reforzado especialmente a finales de año con las
emisiones de bonos realizadas en Noviembre que habrían
drenado una importante cantidad de liquidez.
Adicionalmente, otros los factores coyunturales que podrían
haber intervenido sería la mayor demanda de efectivo que
típicamente caracteriza los últimos meses del año por un
incremento en el volumen de transacciones, y que a su vez
se vería reforzado por la implementación de la reconversión
monetaria en Enero, que a efectos de la ejecución del canje
de moneda podría estar obligando a mantener niveles de
efectivo mayores. También un nivel bastante elevado de las
liquidaciones de CADIVI en Diciembre podría haber retirado
volúmenes de recursos importantes del sistema.
En perspectiva, aún cuando el gobierno podría mantener su
política de esterilización de los excedentes de liquidez para
frenar su crecimiento y buscar controlar la inflación, 2008
pareciera estar más influenciado por una nueva aceleración
del gasto público de cara a ganar apoyo político en virtud de
las elecciones regionales. En ese sentido, no sería de
esperar una reducción adicional en el crecimiento de la
liquidez, manteniéndose alrededor del 30%. De manera que
manteniéndose la demanda de crédito podría mantenerse la
tendencia alcista de la tasas pero moderar su crecimiento
respecto al observado en semanas recientes.
En el mercado petrolero los precios disminuyeron 2,0%
para el WTI y 1,2% para el Brent, con lo que al 11 de Enero
promediaron US$/b 95,74 y US$/b 94,66 respectivamente.
Similarmente, el precio de la cesta petrolera venezolana
registró un descenso de 1,12% para ubicarse al cierre de
esta semana en US$/b 87,06.
Las liquidaciones de divisas por parte del BCV registraron
un promedio diario de US$ 187 MM en la semana al 08 de
Enero, lo que se traduce en un descenso respecto a la
semana anterior de US$ 43 MM, cuando se registró un
promedio diario de US$ 230 MM.
Las reservas internacionales al 09 de Enero se ubicaron
en US$ 33.841 MM, disminuyendo US$ 661 MM respecto al
02 de Enero pasado. Del total US$ 33.031 MM pertenecen
al BCV y US$ 810 MM al FEM.
Por su parte, la liquidez monetaria (M2) al 28 de Diciembre
registró un descenso de 1,09% respecto a la semana
anterior para ubicarse en Bs. 153,12 billones. En tanto, la
base monetaria (BM) experimentó un incremento de 0,5%,
cerrando la semana en Bs. 64,46 billones.
Respecto a las operaciones de política monetaria al 11 de
Enero, el BCV realizó operaciones de absorción con CD y
Repos por Bs.F 1.583 millones y Bs.F 62 millones
respectivamente, mientras que no se realizaron operaciones
de adjudicación directa. El vencimiento total de títulos
correspondiente a esta semana fue de Bs.F 2.953 millones.
En este sentido, se produjo una expansión neta de Bs.F
1.307 millones, con lo cual el saldo en circulación de
instrumentos de absorción se ubicó en Bs.F 9.114 millones.
Para la próxima semana se esperan vencimientos por Bs.F
1.506 millones.
La tasa de interés activa promedio de la banca comercial y
universal al 09 de Enero aumentó en 2,83 puntos
porcentuales respecto al 04 de Enero, al ubicarse en
25,05%. Contrariamente, la tasa de interés de los DPF a 90
presentó un descenso de 2,17 puntos, para cerrar en
11,26%. Ello implicó una expansión del margen de tasas de
5,00 puntos porcentuales para cerrar la semana en 13,79%.
Comentario para efectos de Tesorería:
Semana considerablemente pesimista en E.U.A. y de
bastante interpretación sobre comentarios de los principales
políticos económicos del mundo; contrarrestando el
significativo rally que presentó el mercado de deuda
venezolana.
El primer ‘policy maker’ que habló esta semana fue J.P.
Trichet en nombre del Banco Central Europeo (BCE), al
mantener las tasas de interés en la zona-euro en 4%. El
mercado estuvo disperso a la hora de interpretar la política
monetaria del BCE: las probabilidades del mercado sobre la
decisión de tasas eran de 44%-sin cambios, 39%- una
reducción y 17%-un incremento en ellas. Trichet dijo que
está “preparado para actuar prematuramente de tal manera
de que los efectos secundarios y riesgos a la estabilidad de
precios no se materialicen”. Por un lado, la inflación europea
ha mostrado una tasa de crecimiento no vista desde 2005,
pronosticándose un 2,5% para cierre del año, poco por
encima de la ‘zona cómoda’ que quiere el BCE en los 2%.
Por otra parte, el crecimiento ha dado señales de
desaceleración y el BCE pronostica una desaceleración del
PIB al 2% en 2008 de 2.6% en 2007.
El otro político en dar opiniones sobre la coyuntura
económica fue Ben Bernanke. El hecho que haya
mencionado “…estamos preparados para tomar adicionales
acciones sustanciales necesarias para fomentar el
crecimiento…” produjo que las probabilidades del mercado
sobre la próxima decisión de tasas el 31 de enero (FOMC)
cambiaran a 88% de una reducción de 50bp y 12% de 25bp.
Al cierre de semana el mercado incrementó su pesimismo y
‘no espera en lo absoluto’ la reducción a 4% (-25bp) sino un
60% de probabilidades de 50bp y 40% de 75bp. Es
necesario advertir que un cambio de tasas de 75bp en un
FOMC ha sido muy poco visto en la historia del Fed.
El mercado de deuda venezolana mostró una excepcional
desenvolvimiento esta semana: los Bonos PDVSA en
promedio subieron un 4%; el Venz 27 (uno de los más
líquidos del mercado) aumentó un 3.5% y el nuevo Venz 38
casi un 5.5%. Más allá de razones ‘fundamentales
económicas’ se vió un gran volumen de Demandantes, en
parte, explicado por algunos Hedge Funds interesados en la
subvaloración que tenía la deuda venezolana las pasadas
semanas.
estado caracterizado por una menor liquidez que ha
generado un alza de las tasas de interés, llevando la tasa
activa promedio a niveles superiores al 25%. Este
comportamiento ha estado determinado por factores que
pueden considerarse de largo plazo, pero al mismo tiempo
ha estado influenciada por factores de tipo coyuntural.
Por un lado, la tendencia que se observó a lo largo de 2007
fue de una desaceleración en el crecimiento de la liquidez,
medida tanto a través de los recursos gestionados (16,5%
Dic-06 – Nov 07) como de M2 (30,3% Dic-06 – Dic 07), en
tanto que la cartera de créditos acentuaba su crecimiento
(65,2% Dic-06 – Nov 07). Aun cuando no se dispone de
cifras de cierre para recursos gestionados y cartera de
créditos, este comportamiento no debería haber variado
significativamente en Diciembre, contando que al menos M2
al 28 de Diciembre acumula un incremento de 4,8% en el
mes. Como tendencia este comportamiento explica el
incremento de las presiones sobre las tasas, en la medida
que se acentúa la demanda de crédito y se desacelera el
crecimiento de los recursos gestionados, pudiéndose haber
visto reforzado especialmente a finales de año con las
emisiones de bonos realizadas en Noviembre que habrían
drenado una importante cantidad de liquidez.
Adicionalmente, otros los factores coyunturales que podrían
haber intervenido sería la mayor demanda de efectivo que
típicamente caracteriza los últimos meses del año por un
incremento en el volumen de transacciones, y que a su vez
se vería reforzado por la implementación de la reconversión
monetaria en Enero, que a efectos de la ejecución del canje
de moneda podría estar obligando a mantener niveles de
efectivo mayores. También un nivel bastante elevado de las
liquidaciones de CADIVI en Diciembre podría haber retirado
volúmenes de recursos importantes del sistema.
En perspectiva, aún cuando el gobierno podría mantener su
política de esterilización de los excedentes de liquidez para
frenar su crecimiento y buscar controlar la inflación, 2008
pareciera estar más influenciado por una nueva aceleración
del gasto público de cara a ganar apoyo político en virtud de
las elecciones regionales. En ese sentido, no sería de
esperar una reducción adicional en el crecimiento de la
liquidez, manteniéndose alrededor del 30%. De manera que
manteniéndose la demanda de crédito podría mantenerse la
tendencia alcista de la tasas pero moderar su crecimiento
respecto al observado en semanas recientes.
En el mercado petrolero los precios disminuyeron 2,0%
para el WTI y 1,2% para el Brent, con lo que al 11 de Enero
promediaron US$/b 95,74 y US$/b 94,66 respectivamente.
Similarmente, el precio de la cesta petrolera venezolana
registró un descenso de 1,12% para ubicarse al cierre de
esta semana en US$/b 87,06.
Las liquidaciones de divisas por parte del BCV registraron
un promedio diario de US$ 187 MM en la semana al 08 de
Enero, lo que se traduce en un descenso respecto a la
semana anterior de US$ 43 MM, cuando se registró un
promedio diario de US$ 230 MM.
Las reservas internacionales al 09 de Enero se ubicaron
en US$ 33.841 MM, disminuyendo US$ 661 MM respecto al
02 de Enero pasado. Del total US$ 33.031 MM pertenecen
al BCV y US$ 810 MM al FEM.
Por su parte, la liquidez monetaria (M2) al 28 de Diciembre
registró un descenso de 1,09% respecto a la semana
anterior para ubicarse en Bs. 153,12 billones. En tanto, la
base monetaria (BM) experimentó un incremento de 0,5%,
cerrando la semana en Bs. 64,46 billones.
Respecto a las operaciones de política monetaria al 11 de
Enero, el BCV realizó operaciones de absorción con CD y
Repos por Bs.F 1.583 millones y Bs.F 62 millones
respectivamente, mientras que no se realizaron operaciones
de adjudicación directa. El vencimiento total de títulos
correspondiente a esta semana fue de Bs.F 2.953 millones.
En este sentido, se produjo una expansión neta de Bs.F
1.307 millones, con lo cual el saldo en circulación de
instrumentos de absorción se ubicó en Bs.F 9.114 millones.
Para la próxima semana se esperan vencimientos por Bs.F
1.506 millones.
La tasa de interés activa promedio de la banca comercial y
universal al 09 de Enero aumentó en 2,83 puntos
porcentuales respecto al 04 de Enero, al ubicarse en
25,05%. Contrariamente, la tasa de interés de los DPF a 90
presentó un descenso de 2,17 puntos, para cerrar en
11,26%. Ello implicó una expansión del margen de tasas de
5,00 puntos porcentuales para cerrar la semana en 13,79%.
Comentario para efectos de Tesorería:
Semana considerablemente pesimista en E.U.A. y de
bastante interpretación sobre comentarios de los principales
políticos económicos del mundo; contrarrestando el
significativo rally que presentó el mercado de deuda
venezolana.
El primer ‘policy maker’ que habló esta semana fue J.P.
Trichet en nombre del Banco Central Europeo (BCE), al
mantener las tasas de interés en la zona-euro en 4%. El
mercado estuvo disperso a la hora de interpretar la política
monetaria del BCE: las probabilidades del mercado sobre la
decisión de tasas eran de 44%-sin cambios, 39%- una
reducción y 17%-un incremento en ellas. Trichet dijo que
está “preparado para actuar prematuramente de tal manera
de que los efectos secundarios y riesgos a la estabilidad de
precios no se materialicen”. Por un lado, la inflación europea
ha mostrado una tasa de crecimiento no vista desde 2005,
pronosticándose un 2,5% para cierre del año, poco por
encima de la ‘zona cómoda’ que quiere el BCE en los 2%.
Por otra parte, el crecimiento ha dado señales de
desaceleración y el BCE pronostica una desaceleración del
PIB al 2% en 2008 de 2.6% en 2007.
El otro político en dar opiniones sobre la coyuntura
económica fue Ben Bernanke. El hecho que haya
mencionado “…estamos preparados para tomar adicionales
acciones sustanciales necesarias para fomentar el
crecimiento…” produjo que las probabilidades del mercado
sobre la próxima decisión de tasas el 31 de enero (FOMC)
cambiaran a 88% de una reducción de 50bp y 12% de 25bp.
Al cierre de semana el mercado incrementó su pesimismo y
‘no espera en lo absoluto’ la reducción a 4% (-25bp) sino un
60% de probabilidades de 50bp y 40% de 75bp. Es
necesario advertir que un cambio de tasas de 75bp en un
FOMC ha sido muy poco visto en la historia del Fed.
El mercado de deuda venezolana mostró una excepcional
desenvolvimiento esta semana: los Bonos PDVSA en
promedio subieron un 4%; el Venz 27 (uno de los más
líquidos del mercado) aumentó un 3.5% y el nuevo Venz 38
casi un 5.5%. Más allá de razones ‘fundamentales
económicas’ se vió un gran volumen de Demandantes, en
parte, explicado por algunos Hedge Funds interesados en la
subvaloración que tenía la deuda venezolana las pasadas
semanas.
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